Civilization and the wild In The Call of the Wild - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2356 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Call Of The Wild Essay Did you like this example? Ed Yong once explained, all domestic dogs evolved from a group of wolves that came into contact with European hunter-gatherers (Yong). As shocking as it is, every domestic canine people own today has originated from wild wolves. Although its less clear in small dogs who could not ever fend for themselves, every dog has derived from ancestors who lived thousands of years ago. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Civilization and the wild In The Call of the Wild" essay for you Create order As dogs discover their wild side and their domestic side begins to fade, difficulties arise and they must adapt to their situation. In The Call of the Wild, London explores the many factors that explain what draws animals into nature and uses themes of deciding between civilization or the wild, fighting for survival and remembering ancestors memories. Throughout the novel, Buck is at a perpetual battle between his civil and wild sides. He leads two particularly unalike lives which do not go unchallenged throughout the novel. When he is first introduced, Buck is a house pet who enjoys a leisurely life with Judge Miller, while his transition into nature is challenging and extremely arduous. London states that deep in the forest a call was sounding (London 60). Throughout the story Buck is revealed to have an attraction to the wilderness that he has a difficult time resisting. As the days go by, he is continuously tempted to enter the wild. It is clear that Buck has a gradual transformation from a domesticated dog to a wild one (The Call, Novels). When the novel ends, Buck becomes totally absorbed into the natural world. (Moss). Bucks temptation to leave civilization and enter the wild does not seem to come to an end. Buck is forced to accept his longing to be free and accept his current place in civilization. He must accommodate to an entirely new way of life and code of conduct to survive (The Call, Novels). Learning The law of club and fang marks a massive transition in Bucks life. He is forced to realize that those with the greatest physical strength are superior to everyone else. After living an easygoing life, he is has to accept that he stands no chance against a man with a club (London 12). Once he has become aware of his low position in the hierarchy, he begins adapting, and eventually loses his ethical nature. He begins stealing food and finding ways around the rules set in place for him to follow. London illustrates that the completeness of his de-civilization was now evidenced by ability to flee from the defense of a moral consideration and so save his hide (Mann). He then becomes resilient and extremely strong. Buck eventually fights the lead dog Spitz, and he wins the highest positio n on the team, proving that he is becoming familiarized to his place in a domestic group. John Thornton is a source of some of the only experiences of a relationship between man and dog in Bucks life, binding him to civilization. Buck feels as though he owes Thornton because he intervenes when he sees Hal beating Buck for refusing to go any further on the trail (The Call, Novels). He appears as an ideal master to the Saint Bernard-Scotch Shepherd mix because of this, as he finally comes to believe in man again (Bolan). For the first time in this novel, Buck has in Thornton a master he can love (Moss). This is proven through the many occasions in which he saves his masters life, once by attacking Black Burton during a barroom brawl, and another time by pulling Thornton out of a series of dangerous rapids (Moss). It is made evident throughout their relationship that love was Bucks for the first time, because between them there is a love that he had never experienced at Judge Millers down in the sun-kissed Santa Clara Valley (London 60). Thornton is one of Bucks few experien ces of a bond with a man, therefore he remains tied to humanity. Eventually, Buck feels as though he cannot stay in civilization any longer. After being held captive for so long, Buck is content to finally feel like the the leader of the dogs in the wild. He feels satisfied being a part of a pack and to have killed man in the face of the law of club and fang (London 83). This triumph allows him to finally give into his call into the wild and not feel guilty about it. The law of club and fang is a representation of an animals submission and inferior position to man. This succession makes Buck feels as though man and the claims of man no longer bind him (London 83). Although Buck loves John Thornton and feels an authentic connection with him, he knows that its time for him to move on and live his life the way it is meant to be lived in the wilderness. Leaving civilization is a decision that Buck was ready for his entire life. The concept of fighting for survival relates to much of the physical and mental pain Buck deals with throughout the novel. Shortly after Buck is transported from his home, the group of men who hold him captive beat him with a club although he hasnt done anything to deserve it. He thinks to himself that all the pain he had endured was as nothing compared with the exquisite agony of this (London 11). It is expected that he would feel emotionally vulnerable and defeated after being forced to leave a place he had called home for his entire life up to this point. Bucks locational change from one sign chain to another took place through a figure which marked the limit to the Judges system of valuation (Pease). Instead of dwelling on the low possibilities of his escape, Bucks survival instincts kick in and he realizes that he needs to survive, although everything is causing him tremendous physical pain. Not only does Buck learn to endure pain at the hands of man, but he correspondingly has to have strength through agony in the wilderness. At one point, Buck learns how to survive the night by digging a hole in the snow and curling into a ball (The Call, Novels). He then finds a method to steal food yet avoid the men who would catch and beat him with a club. These are the lengths that Buck went to as to guarantee his survival in a cruel, cold land where a dog runs all day, sleeps to run the next day, and in between might lose his life in a dog fight (The Call, Novels). It proves challenging to Buck to fight for his life to survive another day. While Bucks torment is not a pleasant instance, suffering is an important effect in Bucks development as a character. At one point, Bucks team of dogs is sold to a man who owns the Salt-Water mail from Dawson. Because of the gold rush, the mail load the team of dogs are required to pull increases at a high rate and they are pushed to their breaking point (The Call, Novels). Though Buck and the team struggle, they proceed on their route. One of Bucks teammates struggles and eventually has to be put to death because of his lack of strength and his sickness. This dog goes through suffering and ends up working himself to death, unwilling to be carried when he becomes ill (The Call, Novels). All of the other dogs must continue on the trek. Bucks perseverance throughout the suffering enforced onto him demonstrates that what doesnt kill him is benefiting him in the long run. As Buck transforms into an uninhabited animal, he discovers within himself memories that belonged to his ancestors. The memories that Buck realizes he has have been dormant for generations (The Call, Novels). There is an almost theoretical component of Bucks nature that allows him to survive in conditions he has not ever been placed in before. Because of his ancestors, Buck had potent memories of his hereditary that gave things he had not ever seen before a seeming familiarity; the instincts (which were but the memories of his ancestors become habits) which had lapsed in later days, and still later, in him, quickened and became alive again (London 41). As Buck continues having visions of mankind thousands of years previously, he desires to be a part of the world in which his descendants inhabited. His dreams of the past not only give him insight into the past, but they show him how to behave and survive as well. Bucks ancestors instincts prove to benefit him as he lives as an indepen dent dog. The basic instinct growing inside of Buck is his willingness and temptation to kill because of his ancestral memory. At first, Buck does not realize this instinct is even present in his mind. His desire to victimize others grows rapidly, as he goes from beginning with small game and, eventually, killing man (TavernierCourbin). This instinct is one of many that Buck has felt moving forward in his memory. For Buck, killing is more familiar and he craves it as he was ranging at the head of the pack, running the wild thing down, the living meat, to kill with his own teeth and wash his muzzle to the eyes in warm blood (London 33). When Spitz kills a snowshoe rabbit, its death triggers a desire to hunt and kill inside of Buck. This is the point at which Buck challenges Spitz to a fight to the death, which Buck wins largely because of knowledge of ancestral fighting techniques that became his instantly (TavernierCourbin). As the two dogs circled about, snarling, ears laid back, keenly watch ful for the advantage, the scene came to Buck with a sense of familiarity (London 34). Buck begins remembering even features of the night, and the thrill that comes with a fight. After killing Spitz, he realized that he enjoyed that kill as well. Bucks willingness to kill has become a major component in his life. Another instinct Buck craves because of Ancestral memory is leadership. Originally, Spitz is the leader of the team. He is a good leader, but eventually Buck craves his position. Because of dogs natural instinct to be a leader, it was inevitable that the clash for leadership should come (London 30). Buck wants to lead the team for his sense of pride, and because he is under the influence of his desire to kill. Buck openly threatened the others leadership (London 30). Once Buck is confident enough to fight Spitz, he challenges him and kills him. This marks the start of his succession as a dominant primordial beast who had made his kill and found it good (London 36). After killing Spitz, he is the official leader of the team of dogs for winning. Bucks want for leadership and the kill was clearly a derivative of his ancestral memory. After Buck has established his strength because of his hereditary memories, he reverts to instinctual patterns of behavior and his relationship with John T hornton becomes somewhat aged. After being in the fight, Buck cannot return to his old self, for he has yearned only too well the lessons of the wild (TavernierCourbin). He now knows that after a fight one must not back down, especially from one started by oneself, and that going easy on the competition will be perceived to the opponent as weakness. Because of ancestral memory, Buck has gained knowledge from the depths of time, and this type of knowledge cannot be ridded of once Buck accepts it in his mind. The memories of Bucks ancestors become a part of who he is, and his conscious self, including his behavior. He draws on his ancestral memory to show him how to behave (The Call, Novels). Although it may not have appeared this way, John Thorntons relationship with Buck could have been a potential way for Buck to return to civilization. In turn, they are only an intermission in Bucks evolution. Bucks craving for leadership and dominance is a main factor in his reasoning for leaving civilization. Although many dogs will permanently remain house pets, many grow and realize their uncontainable side. Buck undergoes a transformation throughout the novel from a domestic dog into an eventually independent animal of nature. Problems in his life arise, and he must learn how to deal with them. In The Call of the Wild, one is reminded of a once domesticated dogs struggles of choosing between civilization or the living freely in the wild, struggling to survive and exercising memories of a dogs ancestors. Works Cited Bolan, Chloe. Overview of The Call of the Wild. Novels for Students, edited by Marie Rose Napierkowski and Deborah A. Stanley, vol. 8, Gale a cengage company, 2000. Literature Resource Center, www.galegroup.com. Accessed 25 Sept. 2018. The Call of the Wild. Novels for Students, edited by Marie Rose Napierkowski and Deborah A. Stanley, vol. 8, Gale a cengage company, 2000, pp. 42-58. Gale Virtual Reference Library, www.galegroup.com. Accessed 26 Sept. 2018. London, Jack. The Call of the Wild and White Fang. Barnes Noble Books, 2003. Mann, John S. The Theme of the Double in The Call of the Wild. Novels for Students, edited by Marie Rose Napierkowski and Deborah A. Stanley, vol. 8, Gale a cengage company, 2000. Literature Resource Center, www.galegroup.com. Accessed 25 Sept. 2018. Originally published in Markham Review, vol. 8, Fall 1978, pp. 1-5. Moss, Joyce, and George Wilson. The Call of the Wild. Literature and Its Times: Profiles of 300 Notable Literary Works and the Historical Events that Influenced Them, vol. 3: Growth of Empires to the Great Depression (1890-1930s), Gale, 1997, pp. 51-56. Gale Virtual Reference Library, www.galegroup.com. Accessed 26 Sept. 2018. Pease, Donald E. Psychoanalyzing the narrative logics of naturalism: the Call of the Wild. Journal of Modern Literature, vol. 25, no. 3-4, 2002, p. 14+. Literature Resource Center, www.galegroup.com. Accessed 25 Sept. 2018. Tavernier Courbin, Jacqueline. The Call of the Wild Is a Study in Devolution. Wilderness in Jack Londons The Call of the Wild, edited by Gary Wiener, Greenhaven Press, 2014, pp. 94-101. Social Issues in Literature. Gale Virtual Reference Library, www.galegroup.com. Accessed 26 Sept. 2018. Yong, Ed. Origin of Domestic Dogs. The Scientist Magazine? ®, 14 Nov. 2013, www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/origin-of-domestic-dogs-38399. Accessed 26 Sept. 2018.

Meditation And Breathing - Suggestions For Beginners

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Does God Forgive Me Essay - 754 Words

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How Successfully Did the National Government Deal with the Economic Problems of the 1930s free essay sample

Faced with a steep decline in international trade the; partly due to America’s protectionist tariffs which set import prices of British goods so high that even were they to cost nothing, the price would still be far out of the competitive market, the government implemented an Imperial Tariff System which encouraged the public to buy only from countries within the empire and aid the situation of 1929 wherein the value of British exports was halved ands avoid external goods, thus keeping money in our own economy and not worsening the economic drought, the response tariffs this then caused further encouraged isolationism. In response to floundering businesses and lack of new companies the National Government lowered interest rates to 2% to boost the economy and encourage people to open new businesses using loans from banks which worked to ensure more spending in the aim of growth. This helped the middle class by helping them to help the economy but the effect that this would have on peoples savings was underestimated as suddenly their own money they kept in the banks during a depression at some risk to themselves is now doing less. The National Governments main means of recovery was a surprise to the Labour party, one minister quoting that â€Å"we didn’t know we could do that† referring to the decision by MacDonald to â€Å"come off† the Gold Standard in 1934 and massively boost trade by valuing the pound at its real worth rather than the inflated one. This set trade goods prices far more competitively and eased the depression. It didn’t even cause the hyper-inflation akin to that in Germany in the 1920s that the Labour Government had feared when Keynes first suggested the policy in 1931. The policy did come slightly bitter-sweet however with the news that other countries had left the gold standard as well, either now or years previously and that Britain was the last major power to still hold it. Furthermore this increase in trade did not balance out the loss in international trade of the USA and USSR markets. It may seem that the majority of the National Government’s policies were effective to some degree but, at other times, the coalition seemed utterly useless and reluctant to commit any major money to the restoration of the economy, and this was generally the case; in my opinion the best example of their futility is their attempt to boost industry. The North Atlantic Shipping Act of 1934 attempted to restore the shipbuilding commerce by restoring the building of the Queen Mary ship. The massive cost involved in this task and the purely short-term benefits are symptomatic of other policies. For example, the Cotton Industry Reorganisation Act of 1936 initialised the closure of non-profitable cotton mills, a privately owned sector. The supposedly non-profitable mills employees would now be completely out of work. In an attempt to cut spending the National Government announced a 10% cut in the â€Å"dole† the unemployment benefit and for a means inspector to test you to be sure that you do not possess any items you do not need that could be sold, e. . three chairs when there are two permanent members of the household. Supposedly a policy to save money in the interests of the budget the implications of the act were that everyone is now poorer, the means employees require wages and the time it requires to balance the budget is substantial. In the most direct (and somewhat vague) policy The Special Areas Act of 1934, money was to be applied to the worst affected areas, but this was dependent on their income and the result was many of the poorest people did not apply. Furthermore, the budget for the act was only ? 2 million. These policies seem to suggest that the National Government was somewhat lost on the right course of action to take, and even then their commitment to not worsen the deficit limited them to gimmicks or simple lack of effectiveness. They were hardly helped with the condition that Britain now found itself in. Unemployment figures reached new peaks with the largest being in Wales where 33% of men now found themselves without work. The traditional industries, of coal, cotton, iron, steel and shipbuilding, known collectively as the staple industries were the hardest hit; The coal pits of north Wales were finding themselves without contracts, and the shipyards in Jarrow, near Newcastle were so bad that the men announced a march to London, taking several weeks. It accomplished very little but to show just how bad the north of England had been hit. The south meanwhile suffered heavily from cyclical unemployment, wherein the employee would latch onto short-term work, finish the contract and become unemployed and then find something else. But even then, the unemployment level for the South east never fell below 15% during the 1930s, in stark contrast to Scotland, where employment never reached 85% in the decade. This was partly due to the leadership of the National Government, Both Baldwin and Snowden leaders of the Conservative and Labour parties respectively, disagreed on the trade protection acts, the Tory’s advocating Tariff protection and Labour, free trade. However the two unanimously agreed on treasury policy, the belief that Britain could only become strong through a return to â€Å"normality† of the pre 1914 days. This meant that they believed in no more debts, the very thing that Keynes and Lloyd George recommended as necessary to stimulate the economy. At the time, every other power was engaging in public building works i. e road improvement, phone lines expansion. Keynes spoke of the limitations of our one country, that we cannot â€Å"fix the world† and must focus on domestic problems and recommended rearmament as a means to recovery, referencing the multiplier effect that would emerge where every pound the government spends is returned to the economy at many times its own number. Instead the National government focused instead on housing construction, building 400,000 between 1930-31, ignoring the desperate need of the country; with an average of 4. 3 phones per 100 people, upstaged by America’s 16. 4 It could be argued that in some ways it was the consumer boom that led the way to recovery. The depression lowered prices of goods, insuring that those with money could afford more, known as a real wage increase, the same amount of money could now buy 35% more than the pre-depression days. The government therefore asked the people to spend their way to prosperity, in a manner similar to that to America and Roosevelt’s plans, but with their own laissez-faire element where the government believed that were to intervene too radically, the businesses would collapse or be too dependent on their finance. The consumer boom did therefore lead to some point of recovery, but such a process would take far too long to be completed before the break-out of war in 1939. It is my opinion that the cause of Britain’s recovery from the depression had a great deal to do with the Second World War, and the policy of appeasement that the leadership adopted. The attitude bought Britain time to strengthen itself and get people back into work, with one million jobs created in the weapons development industries between 1936-1939, leading to an overall recovery of there being only one and a half million out of work by 1939. Therefore I believe that contrary to some views that the National Government was a hindrance to recovery, it was more of a half-hearted effort, or a belief that to go in ham-fisted would only worsen the deficit. The leadership certainly did not perform acts of God to speed up the process, they should have undertaken public construction works to provide a longer-term source of jobs, but in the end they did balance the deficit, it simply required the correct circumstances to boost the country in the right direction. Those circumstance came with the rise of the European fascist dictators and the National Government felt the urgency to create work on the scale needed.